Causes of foetal echogenic bowel in pregnancy - particularly in relation to cystic fibrosis Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In many cases, there is no family history of this condition, so the birth of a child with Recessive Inheritance comes as a surprise to them. Classification of CF Mutations: According to International Classification of diseases ICD published by WHO, cystic fibrosis is categorized under Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases. The classification for Cystic Fibrosis is further sub divided into four parts- 1. E 84.0 CF with Pulmonary manifestations. 2. E 84.1 CF with Intestinal manifestations. 3. E 84.8 CF with other manifestations. 4. E 84.9 CF unspecified. Taking into account the current knowledge and diagnostic problems, a special group was formed to produce a new classification table suitable to the present requirements. It was decided that a diagnostic classification would be made on Clinical grounds instead of Laboratory grounds, but at the same time acknowledging the importance of identifying CFTR mutations in people possessing clinical conditions such as pancreatitis and atresia, but not all cases are CFTR related. Therefore the working group agreed to classify it as â€Å"Cystic Fibrosis and Related Disorders. † Since Cystic Fibrosis Mutations are quite common - the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and the American College for Obstetrics and Gynecology recommend testing patients for 25 of the most common CF mutations. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of foetal echogenic bowel in pregnancy - particularly in relation to cystic fibrosis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now But a cystic fibrosis test panel –DNA Direct’s recommend testing patients for 32 Mutations which include the 25 of the American College. These cover the majority of mutations in different ethnic groups – roughly around 90% of CF mutations. The 32 Mutations Covered in This Test G85E deltaI507 R553X 711+1G>T 3659delC R117H deltaF508 R560T   1078delT 3849+10kbC>T I148T V520F R1162X 1717-1G>A 3876delA R334W G542X W1282X 1898+1G>A 3905insT R347P S549N N1303K 2184delA R347H S549R 394delTT 2789+5G>A A455E G551D 621+1G>T 3120+1G>A Causes for Foetal Echogenic Bowel in pregnancy with relation to Cystic Fibrosis. Some common findings in fetal sonography are Intra-abdominal calcification and other echogenic masses. This may occur due to the liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, gastro-Intestinal tract, peritoneal cavity or the adrenal glands. Though no added risk is applied to the neonate or fetus, yet if such lesions are discovered, a prompt and detailed survey and review of maternal history should be done to further investigate the case. The diagnosis and result in most cases are determined by a combination of specific ultrasound appearances and at least one fetal or maternal factor.

Video Games Have A Positive Effect On Kids And More Adults...

I believe that video games have a positive effect on kids and more adults should let their kids play video games because of the many learning aspects that it can share. Most people say video games are too violent and that it stops kids from paying attention in school. All video games require a lot of critical thinking that can help you think better either its dealing with school work or any other situation. â€Å"Kids who play video games are given unusual problems to solve, many of which they must solve very quickly. This process improves critical-thinking skills and can teach kids the value of trying several different solutions to a problem, a skill that will benefit them for life† (Lisa Weber and Demand Media 2007). For example the same†¦show more content†¦Video games are often highly motivating for children with autism, and these games offer opportunities for successful learning and a stress-free opportunity to improve skills such as planning, organization and se lf-monitoring† (Lisa Weber and Demand Media 2007). For example kids that play video games that have the online feature that allows you to play other video gamers and also communicate with other kids across the world allows kids that struggle with autism or making friends to meet other people and actually have the social life the he/she always wanted but knew that they couldn’t have in actual modern society. Its ok to let your kids play video games because kids that don’t play video games will never get this experience if there parent or guardian won’t allow them to and it is very important to have some kind of social life in today’s world, not having a social life could leave your child feeling neglected or depressed but if you let your kid play video games then this will not happen to them at all. There are a lot of good things that can come from a video game’s and one of those things is hand eye coordination. The main video game that helps out the most with hand eye coordination is the Nintendo Wii, the Nintendo Wii is a game console that has a remote control that controls your every movement and display’s it on the TV screen Being coordinated can help someone in a lot of different ways like if you played sports or if you had a

The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World Free Essays

string(151) " result in an information overload, meaning huge amounts of time and effort to be used to scan the information and select which is actually important\." â€Å"So much information is now available on the Internet (even if some of it is inaccurate) that intelligence collection in the traditional sense is now no longer necessary†. Do you agree? What kinds of information might or might not be available? As a decision-maker would you agree to give up intelligence sources? Introduction Governments â€Å"run â€Å" on information. They need to be constantly aware of what is occurring around them, and how this could affect their interests, in order to take the right decisions at the right time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World or any similar topic only for you Order Now However not all the information they need is publicly available, which is why intelligence agencies were created with the objective of collecting, analysing and using confidential information, obtained secretly, to advise decision-makers. The collection process takes place after certain tasks have been assigned by the decision-makers, and consists of acquiring the necessary information which will then be treated at a later stage of the intelligence cycle. Traditionally, the collecting process of such agencies comes from either human intelligence, meaning information directly transmitted from a trustworthy person to an intelligence officer, or technical intelligence, which uses technology and machines to obtain this information. Today, however, the collection process of all information-seeking organizations has been transformed with the Internet. It is the largest, fastest-expanding source of information worldwide, where anybody on any point of the globe can post or have access to information. The impact of the Internet on Intelligence agencies is undoubtable, and it has become a major component of open-source intelligence (OSINT, the process of acquiring information from public sources to be treated and put in use for intelligence purposes). It provides information which is cheaper, more accessible, more timely and easier to disseminate in a shorter time. This has lead some people to believe that: â€Å"So much information is now available on the Internet (even if some of it is inaccurate) that intelligence collection in the traditional sense is now no onger necessary†. Has the Internet revolutionized the information collection process to the point of making the traditional methods obsolete? In this paper, I will defend the view that it has not, thus disagreeing with the statement above[1]. I will discuss that information available on the Internet is no replacement to information collected in the traditional sense, both theoretically (I) and in practice (II), even though it is a useful instrument which can also be used to guide decision-makers (III). I) The theoretical distinction between information available on the Internet and traditional intelligence collection In 2005, General Michael Hayden, from the US Open Source Centre, stated that â€Å"just because information is stolen, it does not make it better†[2]. This is true, however, what if the information was â€Å"stolen† because it was not available anywhere else? One must not confuse the terms information and intelligence. Information is made up of the facts agencies seek; intelligence is the process of acquiring and making use of confidential information which responds to the government’s interests. Of course, if this information was available on the Internet, no rational organization would prefer to spend more money, more resources and a greater effort on high-risk operations, which is what information collection implies in the intelligence domain. The problem is that the information intelligence agencies seek is voluntarily hidden by the entity that controls it, which is why it is confidential, and for obvious reasons not posted on the Internet. Moreover, the more people that have a piece of information, the harder it is to have control over it, which incites organizations detaining information to keep it to themselves. By definition, intelligence information is therefore unavailable elsewhere. Consequently, the information on the Internet has a different content to information coming from intelligence, hence it cannot replace it. Furthermore, the definition of intelligence does not only regard the content of the information, it also concerns how the information is collected. According to David Chuter’s definition, intelligence means that the entity from which information is obtained does not want you to have it, and does not realize you have acquired it. On the contrary, the person posting information on the Internet wants you to have access to it and is aware anybody could acquire it. [3] Therefore, in both aspects of the definition of intelligence, there is a clear distinction between information coming from intelligence and from the Internet, and because of their difference in nature, one cannot replace the other. However, in practice, this theoretical distinction is blurred due to the fact that anybody can post on the Internet, including holders of confidential information. They could, for example, want to harm the person or organization they work for by making such information public through the Internet. II) In practice, the Internet is no replacement to traditional information collection The Commandant of the Marine Corps in 1988, General Alfred Gray Jr. , said that â€Å"most of the intelligence which needs to be known could be obtained via open-source information†[4], which the Internet is a major source of. Undoubtedly, with the huge amount of information available on the Internet, this must be true. There are examples of confidential information been publicly made available through the internet, such as the major Wikileaks information release on confidential subjects- the war in Afghanistan and in Iraq, amongst others. We could then ask ourselves: what if confidential information has been canalized through the Internet and we no longer need intelligence to retrieve it? The information intelligence agencies search for must be important and useful, or it would be irrelevant to the governments that need it. This means it must go through numerous filters and a high discrimination process. The Internet, while it may provide useful facts, has such an enormous amount of information that it impedes this selection process from being efficient. John McLaughlin, a former deputy CIA director, says â€Å"In the Cold War, we struggled to get data. Today, the problem is that there is too much data–more than we can handle. â€Å"[5] This can result in an information overload, meaning huge amounts of time and effort to be used to scan the information and select which is actually important. You read "The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World" in category "Papers" The difficulties in collecting information from the Internet go further than the quantitative issue. Because the information available on the Internet is what the person publishing it wants others to see, it can be dangerous because depending on this person’s interests the information could be contradictory, misleading or even false, hampering the whole intelligence cycle. To avoid this, and as with any information collection, the source must be considered trustworthy, and this is always a difficult matter. On the Internet it is even more so: information is often anonymous, and meta-data (such as the circumstances surrounding the piece of information or the motivations of the person providing it) is extremely limited. Just like Jorge Luis Borges illustrates in his short story The Library of Babel, if one cannot tell what is true from what is false, the information is useless. Consequently, further sources are needed to prove the truthfulness of information and avoid being mislead. This means returning to traditional intelligence collection methods, in which case the Internet cannot be considered a source of information in itself. It can be seen, however, as inspiration for a further investigation. Moreover, the immensity of information available on the Internet incites certain types of behaviour in the information collectors, linked to their subjectiveness, that are also counter-productive for information collection. Political pressure is a potential source of error because it encourages agents to search in a certain direction, which the Internet, with its near-infinite information, is sure to justify. Firstly, it must be noted that not all information an agency looks for is necessarily available, however, the large amounts of information available on the Internet encourage people to believe such information exists. Secondly, misleading sources can exaggerate and create non-existent threats, which is sometimes what intelligence agencies are looking for in order to justify their utility. Thirdly, it is part of human behaviour to struggle to admit you are wrong, especially after investing effort in trying to prove the opposite. Once again, of all the information available on the Internet, that which proves you are in the right direction is likely to be picked, and the rest avoided, encouraging wish-fulfilment behaviour and confirmation bias. With these practical issues concerning information collected from the Internet, it can therefore be considered dangerous for it to be considered a source of information in itself. Nevertheless, it should not altogether be denied a role in information collection. The usefulness of the Internet and its place in the decision-making process If not a trustworthy source by itself, the Internet certainly contributes to a better information collection. Firstly, it directly facilitates the collection of open-source information which is then used for intelligence purposes. Such is the case, for example, with radio or television broadcasts which are now available online. In this example, it means monitors no longer have to be near the broadcast source, nor is complex equipment needed (antennas†¦ ) to obtain these broadcasts. [6] The Internet has an incredible logistical advantage, providing cheaper sources in real time all around the globe. Open-source information is useful in providing complementary information to the confidential one. It helps determine the context and the circumstances in which the information is transmitted; it serves to â€Å"fill in the gaps†. This is essential, seen as a piece of information taken out of context makes no sense or cannot be used efficiently. Intelligence failures often come from an inability to understand â€Å"the bigger picture† or the general context of a given situation. For example, during the Vietnam war, the strategic concept of the conflict was misunderstood: the US believed it was mainly a Soviet-Chinese supported conflict and ignored the major influence of Vietnamese communists and nationalists. Moreover, information coming from he Internet is in real-time, so it can help those who collect the information assimilate new situations which arise from social or economic change for instance, and to do so quickly. It is therefore important source of collateral information, which enhances traditional information collection and enables it to be understood and interpreted. From a decision-maker’s point of view, most confidential information is not available on the Internet (despite some exam ples which today are still very limited), which signifies traditional intelligence sources of information can by no means be given up on. The Internet is however an essential tool which must be integrated in the collection process, and in the other stages of the intelligence cycle, in order for the information provided to be pertinent. It can also serve as inspiration for further investigation, as long as its potential dangers are understood, for it is easy for decision-makers, who are under political power, to get carried away by misleading available on the Internet. Conclusion In summary, on one hand, most of the information available on the Internet is not the one which interests intelligence services because they seek mainly confidential information. On the other hand, some of the information on the Internet hampers information collection because it can be misleading, contradictory, or even false and can lead to counter-productive behaviour from the intelligence agents. Consequently, the information available is not always the one intelligence services are looking for. In addition, there is a theoretical distinction linked to the fact information coming from intelligence must be unavailable elsewhere, which means information from the Internet cannot replace traditional intelligence. This does not imply the Internet should be avoided by intelligence services, on the contrary, it can provide essential information in complement to that obtained by intelligence services. It simply means the dangers of the Internet should be kept in the mind of decision-makers who must find the balance between these two sources of information. ———————– [1] Only the collection stage of the intelligence cycle will be discussed concerning the impact of the Internet, as this is what the statement points to. [2]http://www. usnews. om/news/national/articles/2008/09/12/spy-agencies-turn-to-newspapers-npr-and-wikipedia-for-information. [3]According to this definition, open-source intelligence is not a actually a source of intelligence, the concept open-source information in use for intelligence purposes is therefore more appropriate. [4]†Global Intelligence Challenges in the 1990’s†, American Intelligence Journal (Win ter 1989–1990) [5] http://www. usnews. com/usnews/news/articles/061103/3dni. analysts. htm [6]https://www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no3/article05. html How to cite The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World, Papers

Salon Human Resources Management free essay sample

Salon Human Resources Management (HRM) If I’m chosen to receive a SME grant from the state government of RM50, 000 to start a small business, I will open salon in this metropolitan country. Excellence in Human Resources Management will do more for the long-term growth and profitability of a salon than any other product, project or promotion. My aim is to help improve productivity –via- Human Resource management techniques.And to achieve it I provide information, advice, training and a range of services, working with salon employers to prevent HR problems and improve performance and productivity. When I put it in context, the success of my salon depends totally on the willingness and skill of my salon staff to perform their duties: To perform them well and to perform them more often to more clients. As the salon owner, of course I’ll employ stylists and or therapists. These stylists and therapists are responsible for the current state of my business. We will write a custom essay sample on Salon Human Resources Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yes, I manage them and I am responsible for their performance but unless I have been trained or have extensive professional human resources experience my employees will likely be performing below their true potential. The inspirational salon manager realizes that his or her staffs have pride, feelings, aspirations and needs and the take into account that many of them have ambition and want to succeed, whilst others just want to get along.So that, to be an effective Salon Manager I’ll take board and considers of three parties that I mean is the need of the salon business, the needs of employees and the needs of the shareholders. Simply having a set of Salon Employee Contracts and possibly a salon employee book is not enough to constitute a Salon Human Resources Strategy. Further if my salon employee, job description and performance appraisal are not bespoke per salon employee and their specific salon trade, chances are they do not perform their duties to 100% of their revenue building potential.Besides, a salon human resources strategy is concerned with creating congruence between what my salon staff should do, their understanding of their responsibilities as profit centre’s and their ability and willingness to perform their duties profitably for me and the salon. Also a Salon Human Resources Strategy will help me the salon owner or manager to promote a really happy and stable working environment where everyone is growing professionally and the salon is growing profitably.To build a top performing salon team, the team leader needs to install a legislatively correct set of procedures, routines and HR documents designed to promote individual professionalism and profitable salon growth. This begins by installing documents which are bespoke per salon trade and tailored to individual team members, in example Salon Manager, Senior Stylist, Graduate Stylist, Trainee, Receptionist, Beauty Therapist, and Nail Technician etc. Also the salon manager needs to know how to manage the documents and the employees.There is much more to a Salon HR strategy than meets the eye, and when implemented by a knowledgeable manager it enables that salon manager to take control and really boost business performance. What does salon human resources pack is include recrui tment pack for all hair and beauty trades, job description for all salon trades, person specification for all salon trades, employee contract for all salon trades, comprehensive salon employee handbook, performance appraisals for all salon trades, training needs analysis and PDP system for all salon trades and many other form letters, policies and procedural documents.So in conclusion, as well as providing complete Salon Human Resources packs and training we also sell individual documents in including salon employee contracts to make sure all the manpower are continuously growth, efficient and smooth with my salon business. For me without a good human resources management the organization cannot develop.